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<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" docName="draft-ietf-bess-mvpn-evpn-aggregation-label-14" number="9573" ipr="pre5378Trust200902" submissionType="IETF" category="std" updates="7432, 6514, consensus="true" updates="6514, 7432, 7582" docName="draft-ietf-bess-mvpn-evpn-aggregation-label-14" ipr="trust200902"> obsoletes="" xml:lang="en" tocInclude="true" tocDepth="2" symRefs="true" sortRefs="true" version="3">

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  <front>
    <title abbrev="mvpn-evpn-aggregation-label">MVPN/EVPN abbrev="MVPN/EVPN Aggregation Labels">MVPN/EVPN Tunnel Aggregation with Common Labels</title>

    <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9573"/>
    <author fullname="Zhaohui Zhang" initials="Z." surname="Zhang">
      <organization>Juniper Networks</organization>
      <address>
        <email>zzhang@juniper.net</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="Eric Rosen" initials="E." surname="Rosen">
      <organization>Individual</organization>
      <address>
        <email>erosen52@gmail.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="Wen Lin" initials="W." surname="Lin">
      <organization>Juniper Networks</organization>
      <address>
        <email>wlin@juniper.net</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="Zhenbin Li" initials="Z." surname="Li">
      <organization>Huawei Technologies</organization>
      <address>
        <email>lizhenbin@huawei.com</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <author fullname="IJsbrand Wijnands" initials="I." initials="IJ." surname="Wijnands">
      <organization>Individual</organization>
      <address>
        <email>ice@braindump.be</email>
      </address>
    </author>
    <date year="2023"/>

    <workgroup>BESS</workgroup> year="2024" month="May" />
    <area>rtg</area>
    <workgroup>bess</workgroup>

<keyword>DCB</keyword>
<keyword>Tunnel Aggregation</keyword>

    <abstract>
      <t>
         The MVPN Multicast VPN (MVPN) specifications allow a single Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP)
         tunnel to carry traffic of multiple IP VPNs (abbreviated (referred to as VPNs). VPNs in this document).
		 The EVPN specifications
         allow a single P2MP tunnel to carry traffic of multiple Broadcast
         Domains (BDs).  These features require the ingress router of the P2MP
         tunnel to allocate an upstream-assigned MPLS label for each VPN or for
         each BD.  A packet sent on a P2MP tunnel then carries the label that is
         mapped to its VPN or BD (in some cases, a distinct upstream-assigned
         label is needed for each flow.) Since each ingress router allocates labels
         independently, with no coordination among the ingress routers, the
         egress routers may need to keep track of a large number of labels.  The
         number of labels may need to be as large (or larger) than as, or larger than, the product
         of the number of ingress routers times the number of VPNs or BDs.
         However, the number of labels can be greatly reduced if the association
         between a label and a VPN or BD is made by provisioning, so that all
         ingress routers assign the same label to a particular VPN or BD.
         New procedures are needed in order to take advantage of such
         provisioned labels. These new procedures also apply to
         Multipoint-to-Multipoint (MP2MP) tunnels.
         This document updates RFCs 6514, 7432 7432, and 7582 by
         specifying the necessary procedures.
      </t>
    </abstract>

    <note title="Requirements Language">
      <t> The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL
          NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED",
          "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as
          described in BCP 14 <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref
          target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all
          capitals, as shown here.
      </t>
    </note>
  </front>
  <middle>
    <section title="Terminology">
    <t>Familiarity with MVPN/EVPN protocols and procedures is assumed.
       Some terminologies are listed below for convenience.
       <list style="symbols">
		 <t>VPN: Virtual Private Network. In this document, it is specifically IP VPN <xref target="RFC4364"/>.
		 </t>
    <t>BUM <xref target="RFC7432"/>: Broadcast, Unknown unicast, or Multicast (traffic).
    </t>
    <t>BD <xref target="RFC7432"/>: Broadcast Domain.
    </t>
    <t>EC <xref target="RFC4360"/>: Extended Community.
    </t>
    <t>PMSI <xref target="RFC6513"/>: Provider Multicast Service Interface -
      a pseudo overlay interface for PEs to send certain overlay/customer multicast traffic via underlay/provider
      tunnels. It includes <br/>I/S-PMSI (often referred to as x-PMSI) for
      Inclusive/Selective PMSI. A PMSI is instantiated by the underlay/provider tunnel.
    </t>
    <t>Inclusive PMSI: A PMSI that enables traffic to be sent to all PEs of a VPN/BD.
    The underlay/provider tunnel that instantiates the Inclusive PMSI is referred to as an inclusive tunnel.
    </t>
    <t>Selective PMSI: numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Introduction</name>
      <t>
     A PMSI that enables traffic to be sent to a subset of PEs of a VPN/BD.
    The underlay/provider tunnel that instantiates the Selective PMSI is referred to as a selective tunnel.
    </t>
    <t>Aggregate Tunnel: a tunnel that instantiates x-PMSIs of multiple MVPNs or EVPN BDs.
    </t>
    <t>IMET <xref target="RFC7432"/>: Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag route. An EVPN specific name
       for I-PMSI A-D route.
    </t>
    <t>PTA <xref target="RFC6514"/>: PMSI Tunnel Attribute. A BGP attribute that may be attached to
       an BGP-MVPN/EVPN x-PMXI A-D routes.
    </t>
    <t>RBR: Regional Border Routers. Border routers between segmentation regions that participate
    in segmentation procedures.
    </t>
    <t>(C-S,C-G): A Customer/overlay &lt;S,G&gt; multicast flow.
    </t>
    <t>(C-*,C-G): Customer/overlay &lt;*,G&gt; multicast flows.
    </t>
    <t>(C-*,C-*): All Customer/overlay multicast flows.
    </t>
    <t>ESI <xref target="RFC7432"/>: Ethernet Segment Identifier.
    </t>
    <t>ESI Label<xref target="RFC7432"/>: A label that identifies an Ethernet Segment
    </t>
    <t>SRGB <xref target="RFC8402"/>: Segment Routing (SR) Global Block, the set of global segments in the SR domain.
   In SR-MPLS <xref target="RFC8660"/>, SRGB is a local property of a node and
   identifies the set of local labels reserved for global segments.
    </t>
    <t>DCB: Domain-wide Common Block, a common block of labels reserved on all nodes in a domain.
    </t>
    <t>Context-specific Label Space [RFC5331]: A router may maintain additional label spaces besides
    its default label space.
    When the label at the top of the stack is not from the default label space, there must be some
    context in the packet that identifies which one of those additional label spaces is to be used
    to look up the label, hence those label spaces are referred to as context-specific label spaces.
    </t>
    <t>Upstream-assigned [RFC5331]: When the label at the top of the label stack is not assigned by
    the router receiving the traffic from its default label space, the label is referred to as upstream-assigned. Otherwise, it is
    downstream-assigned. An upstream-assigned label must be looked up in a context-specific label
    space specific for the assigner.
    </t>
       </list>
    </t>
    </section>
    <section title="Introduction">
    <t>
     MVPN VPN (MVPN) can use P2MP Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) tunnels (set up by RSVP-TE, mLDP, Multipoint LDP (mLDP), or PIM) to
     transport customer multicast traffic across a service provider's
     backbone network.  Often, a given P2MP tunnel carries the traffic of
     only a single VPN.  There  However, there are however procedures defined that allow a
     single P2MP tunnel to carry traffic of multiple VPNs.  In this case,
     the P2MP tunnel is called an "aggregate tunnel".  The PE Provider Edge (PE) router that is
     the ingress node of an aggregate P2MP tunnel allocates an
     "upstream-assigned MPLS label" [RFC5331] <xref target="RFC5331" format="default"/> for each VPN, and each packet
     sent on the P2MP tunnel carries the upstream-assigned MPLS label that
     the ingress PE has bound to the packet's VPN.
      </t>
      <t>
     Similarly, an EVPN can use P2MP tunnels (set up by RSVP-TE, mLDP, or PIM)
     to transport BUM traffic (Broadcast traffic, Unicast traffic with an Broadcast, Unknown address, Unicast, or Multicast traffic), (BUM) traffic across the provider network.
     Often
     Often, a P2MP tunnel carries the traffic of only a single BD. Broadcast Domain (BD).  However,
     there are procedures defined that allow a single P2MP tunnel to be an
     "aggregate tunnel"
     aggregate tunnel that carries traffic of multiple BDs. The procedures
     are analogous to the MVPN procedures -- the PE router that is the
     ingress node of an aggregate P2MP tunnel allocates an upstream-assigned
     MPLS label for each BD, and each packet sent on the P2MP tunnel carries
     the upstream-assigned MPLS label that the ingress PE has bound to the
     packet's BD.
      </t>
      <t>
     An MVPN and or EVPN can also use BIER [RFC8279] Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER) <xref target="RFC8279" format="default"/> to transmit VPN multicast
     traffic <xref target="RFC8556" format="default"/> or EVPN BUM traffic [RFC8556]
     <xref target="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn"/>. target="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn" format="default"/>.
     Although BIER does not explicitly set up P2MP
     tunnels, from the perspective of an MVPN/EVPN, the use of BIER transport
     is very similar to the use of aggregate P2MP tunnels.  When BIER is
     used, the PE transmitting a packet (the "BFIR" [RFC8279]) "Bit-Forwarding Ingress Router" (BFIR) <xref target="RFC8279" format="default"/>) must
     allocate an upstream-assigned MPLS label for each VPN or BD, and the
     packets transmitted using BIER transport always carry the label that
     identifies their VPN or BD. (See [RFC8556] <xref target="RFC8556" format="default"/> and <xref target="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn"/> target="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn" format="default"/> for the
     details.)  In the remainder of this document, we will use the term
     "aggregate tunnels" to include both P2MP tunnels and BIER transport.
      </t>
      <t>
     When an egress PE receives a packet from an aggregate tunnel, it must
     look at the upstream-assigned label carried by the packet, packet and must
     interpret that label in the context of the ingress PE.  Essentially,
     for each ingress PE, the egress PE has a context-specific label space
     [RFC5331]
     <xref target="RFC5331" format="default"/> that matches the default label space from which
     the ingress PE assigns the upstream-assigned labels.
     When an egress PE looks up
     the upstream-assigned label carried by a given packet, it looks it up
     in the context-specific label space for the ingress PE of the packet.
     How an egress PE identifies the ingress PE of a given packet depends on the
     tunnel type.
      </t>

    <section>
      <name>Requirements Language</name>
       <t>The key words "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>",
       "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>",
       "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>",
       "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>",
       "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>",
       "<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document
       are to be interpreted as described in BCP&nbsp;14
       <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only
       when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.</t>
    </section>

    <section numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Terminology</name>
      <t>Familiarity with MVPN/EVPN protocols and procedures is assumed.
       Some terms are listed below for convenience.
      </t>
      <dl spacing="normal">

          <dt>VPN:</dt>
	  <dd>Virtual Private Network. In this document, "VPN" specifically refers to an IP
	  VPN <xref target="RFC4364" format="default"/>.
          </dd>

	  <dt>BUM <xref target="RFC7432" format="default"/>:</dt><dd>Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, or Multicast (traffic).</dd>

          <dt>BD <xref target="RFC7432" format="default"/>:</dt><dd>Broadcast Domain.</dd>

          <dt>EC <xref target="RFC4360" format="default"/>:</dt><dd>Extended Community.
          </dd>

         <dt>PMSI <xref target="RFC6513" format="default"/>:</dt>
	 <dd>Provider Multicast Service Interface. A pseudo-overlay interface
	 for PEs to send certain overlay/customer multicast traffic via
	 underlay/provider tunnels. It includes <br/>Inclusive/Selective PMSIs (I/S-PMSIs) (often referred
	 to as x-PMSIs). A PMSI is instantiated by
	 the underlay/provider tunnel.
          </dd>

          <dt>Inclusive PMSI (I-PMSI):</dt>
	  <dd>A PMSI that enables traffic to be sent to all PEs of a VPN/BD.
	  The underlay/provider tunnel that instantiates the I-PMSI is
	  referred to as an inclusive tunnel.
          </dd>

          <dt>Selective PMSI (S-PMSI):</dt>
	  <dd>A PMSI that enables traffic to be sent to a subset of PEs of a
	  VPN/BD.  The underlay/provider tunnel that instantiates the
	  S-PMSI is referred to as a selective tunnel.
          </dd>

          <dt>Aggregate Tunnel:</dt>
	  <dd>A tunnel that instantiates x-PMSIs of multiple MVPNs or EVPN
	  BDs.
          </dd>

          <dt>IMET <xref target="RFC7432" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag. &nbsp;An EVPN-specific name
	  for an I-PMSI Auto-Discovery (A-D) route.
          </dd>

          <dt>PTA <xref target="RFC6514" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>PMSI Tunnel Attribute. A BGP attribute that may be attached to
	  a BGP-MVPN/EVPN x-PMSI A-D route.
          </dd>

          <dt>ASBR:</dt>
          <dd>Autonomous System Border Router.</dd>

          <dt>RBR:</dt>
	  <dd>Regional Border Router. A border router between segmentation
	  regions that participates in segmentation procedures.
          </dd>

          <dt>(C-S,C-G):</dt>
	  <dd>A Customer/overlay &lt;S,G&gt; multicast flow.
          </dd>

          <dt>(C-*,C-G):</dt>
	  <dd>Customer/overlay &lt;*,G&gt; multicast flows.
          </dd>

          <dt>(C-*,C-*):</dt>
	  <dd>All Customer/overlay multicast flows.
          </dd>

          <dt>ES:</dt>
          <dd>Ethernet Segment.</dd>

          <dt>ESI <xref target="RFC7432" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>ES Identifier.
          </dd>

          <dt>ESI Label <xref target="RFC7432" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>A label that identifies an ES.
          </dd>

          <dt>SRGB <xref target="RFC8402" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>Segment Routing (SR) Global Block. The set of global segments in
	  the SR domain.  In SR-MPLS <xref target="RFC8660"
	  format="default"/>, an SRGB is a local property of a node and
	  identifies the set of local labels reserved for global segments.
          </dd>

          <dt>DCB:</dt>
	  <dd>Domain-wide Common Block. A common block of labels reserved on all nodes in a domain.
          </dd>

          <dt>Context-Specific Label Space <xref target="RFC5331" format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd>A router may maintain additional label spaces besides its
	  default label space.  When the label at the top of the stack is not
	  from the default label space, there must be some context in the
	  packet that identifies which one of those additional label spaces is
	  to be used to look up the label; hence, those label spaces are
	  referred to as context-specific label spaces.
          </dd>

          <dt>Upstream Assigned <xref target="RFC5331"
          format="default"/>:</dt>
	  <dd> When the label at the top of the label stack is not assigned by
	  the router receiving the traffic from its default label space, the
	  label is referred to as upstream assigned. Otherwise, it is
	  downstream assigned. An upstream-assigned label must be looked up in
	  a context-specific label space specific for the assigner.
          </dd>
      </dl>
    </section>
  </section>
      <section title="Problem Description" anchor="problem"> anchor="problem" numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Problem Description</name>
        <t>
     Note that the upstream-assigned label procedures may require a very large number of labels.
     Suppose that an MVPN or EVPN deployment has 1001 PEs, each hosting 1000
     VPN/BDs.
     VPNs/BDs.  Each ingress PE has to assign 1000 labels, and each egress PE
     has to be prepared to interpret 1000 labels from each of the ingress
     PEs.  Since each ingress PE allocates labels from its own label
     space and does not coordinate label assignments with others,
     each egress PE must be prepared to interpret 1,000,000
     upstream-assigned labels (across 1000 context-specific label spaces - -- one for
     each ingress PE). This is an evident scaling problem.
        </t>
        <t>
   So far, few if any MVPN/EVPN deployments use aggregate
   tunnels, so this problem has not surfaced.  However, the use of aggregate
   tunnels is likely to increase due to the following two factors:
       <list style="symbols">
    <t>
      In
        </t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>In an EVPN, a single customer ("tenant") may have a large number of
          BDs, and the use of aggregate RSVP-TE or mLDP P2MP tunnels may
          become important, since each tunnel creates state at the
          intermediate nodes.
    </t>
    <t>
      The nodes.</li>
	  <li>The use of BIER as the transport for an MVPN/EVPN is becoming more and
	  more attractive and feasible.
    </t>
       </list>
    </t>
    <!--t>Note there are pros and cons with traditional P2MP tunnel aggregation
       (vs. BIER), which are
      already discussed in Section 2.1.1 of [RFC6513]. This document just
      specifies a way to increase label scaling when tunnel aggregation is
      used.
    </t--> feasible.</li>
        </ul>
    <t>A similar problem also exists with EVPN ESI labels used for multi-homing. multihoming.
       A PE attached to a multi-homed Ethernet Segment (ES) multihomed ES advertises an ESI label in its Ethernet A-D per Ethernet Segment Route. ES route.
       The PE imposes the label
       when it sends frames received from the ES to other PEs via a P2MP/BIER
       tunnel. A receiving PE that is attached to the source ES will know from
       the ESI label that the packet
       originated on the source ES, ES and thus will not transmit the packet on
       its local attachment circuit Attachment Circuit to that ES. From the receiving
       PE's point of view, the ESI label is (upstream-)assigned (upstream) assigned from the source
       PE's label space, so the receiving PE needs to maintain context-specific label
       tables, one for each source PE, just like the VRF/BD VPN/BD label case
       above. If there are 1,001 1001 PEs, each attached to 1,000 ESes, 1000 ESs, this can
       require each PE to understand 1,000,000 ESI labels. Notice that the
       issue exists even when no P2MP tunnel aggregation (i.e. (i.e., one tunnel used
       for multiple BDs) is used.
        </t>
      </section>
      <section title="Proposed Solution" anchor="solution"> anchor="solution" numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Proposed Solutions</name>
        <t>
      The number of labels could be greatly reduced if a central entity
      in the provider network
     assigned a label to each VPN, BD, or ES, ES and if all PEs used that same
     label to represent a given VPN , VPN, BD, or ES.  Then  Then, the number of
     labels needed would just be the sum of the number of VPNs,
     BD,
     BDs, and/or ESes. ESs.
        </t>
        <t>
     One method of achieving this is to reserve a portion of the default label space
     for assignment by a central entity.  We refer to this reserved
     portion as the "Domain-wide Common Block" (DCB) DCB of labels.  This is analogous to the concept of using identical "Segment Routing Global Block" (SRGB) SRGBs
     on all nodes that is nodes, as described in [RFC8402]. <xref target="RFC8402"/>.
     A PE that is attached (via L3VPN VRF Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)
     interfaces or EVPN Access Attachment Circuits) would know by provisioning which
     label from the DCB corresponds to which of its locally attached VPNs,
     BDs, or ESes. ESs.
        </t>
        <t>For example, all PEs could reserve a DCB [1000, 2000] [1000~2000], and they are would
     all be provisioned so that label 1000 maps to VPN 0, label 1001 maps to VPN 1,
     and so forth. Now Now, only 1000 labels instead of 1,000,000 labels
     are needed for 1000 VPNs.
        </t>
    <t>The definition of
        <t>In this document, "domain" is loose - defined loosely; it simply includes
 all the routers that share the same DCB.  In this document, DCB, and it only needs to
 include all PEs of an MVPN/EVPN network<!--, or in case of tunnel
     segmentation <xref target="RFC6514"/> it may only need to include all PEs
     and border nodes of a segmentation region (see more details in <xref target="seg"/>)-->. MVPN/EVPN.
        </t>
        <t>
      The "domain" could also include all routers in the provider network,
      making it not much different from a common SRGB across all the routers.
      However, that is not necessary necessary, as the labels used by PEs for the
      purposes defined in
   this document will only rise to the top of the label stack when traffic
   arrives at the PEs. Therefore, it is better to not include internal P routers
   in the "domain". That way way, they do not have to set aside the same DCB used for
   the purposes defined in this document.
        </t>
        <t>
     In some deployments, it may be impractical to allocate a DCB that is
     large enough to contain labels for all the VPNs/BDs/ESes. VPNs/BDs/ESs.  In this
     case, it may be necessary to allocate those labels from one or a few
     separate
     context-specific label spaces that are independent of each PE<!--'s default
     label space (that the DCB belongs to)-->. PE. For example, if it is too difficult
     to have a DCB of 10,000 labels across all PEs for all the VPNs/BDs/ESes VPNs/BDs/ESs
     that need to be supported, a separate context-specific label space can be
     dedicated to those 10,000 labels.  Each separate context-specific label space is
     identified in the forwarding plane by a label from the DCB (which does not
     need to be large). Each PE is provisioned with the label-space-identifying DCB
     label and the common VPN/BD/ES labels allocated from that context-specific label space.
     When sending traffic, an ingress PE imposes all necessary service
     labels (for the VPN/BD/ES) first, then imposes the label-space-identifying
     DCB label. From the label-space-identifying DCB label label, an egress PE can
     determine the label space where the inner VPN/BD/ES label is looked up.
        </t>
        <t>
   The MVPN/EVPN signaling defined in [RFC6514] <xref target="RFC6514"/> and [RFC7432] <xref target="RFC7432"/> assumes that
   certain MPLS labels are allocated from a context-specific label space for a
   particular ingress PE.  In this document, we augment the signaling
   procedures so that it is possible to signal that a particular label is
   from the DCB, rather than from a context-specific label space for an ingress PE.  We
   also augment the signaling so that it is possible to indicate that a
   particular label is from an identified context-specific label space that is
   not for an ingress PE.
        </t>
        <t>Notice that, that the VPN/BD/ES-identifying labels from the DCB or from
       those few context-specific label spaces are very similar to VNIs Virtual eXtensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) Network Identifiers (VNIs) in VXLAN. VXLANs.
       Allocating a label from the DCB or from a context-specific label spaces space
       and communicating them the label to all PEs is not different from
       allocating VNIs, VNIs and is feasible especially feasible with controllers.
        </t>
        <section title="MP2MP Tunnels">
      <t>MP2MP numbered="true" toc="default">
          <name>MP2MP Tunnels</name>
          <t>Multipoint-to-Multipoint (MP2MP) tunnels present the same problem (<xref target="problem"/>) target="problem" format="default"/>)
      that can be solved the same way (<xref target="solution"/>), target="solution" format="default"/>), with
      the following additional requirement.
          </t>
          <t>
    Per RFC 7582 ("MVPN: <xref target="RFC7582"/> ("Multicast Virtual Private Network (MVPN): Using Bidirectional P-tunnels"), P-Tunnels"), when MP2MP
    tunnels are used for an MVPN, the root of the MP2MP tunnel may
    need is required to
    allocate and advertise "PE Distinguisher Labels" (section 4
    of <xref target="RFC6513"/>. (<xref target="RFC6513" sectionFormat="of" section="4"/>).  These labels are assigned
    from the label space used by the root node for its upstream-assigned labels.
          </t>
          <t>
    It is REQUIRED <bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14> by this document that the PE Distinguisher
    labels
    Labels allocated by a particular node come from the same label space
    that the node uses to allocate its VPN-identifying labels.
          </t>
        </section>
        <section title="Segmented Tunnels" anchor="seg"> anchor="seg" numbered="true" toc="default">
          <name>Segmented Tunnels</name>
          <t>There are some additional issues to be considered when an MVPN or
          EVPN is using "tunnel segmentation" (see [RFC6514], [RFC7524], and <xref target="I-D.ietf-bess-evpn-bum-procedure-updates"/> target="RFC6514"/>,
          <xref target="RFC7524"/>, and Sections 5 <xref target="RFC9572"
          sectionFormat="bare" section="5"/> and 6). <xref target="RFC9572"
          sectionFormat="bare" section="6"/> of <xref target="RFC9572"/>).
          </t>
          <section title="Selective Tunnels" anchor="select"> anchor="select" numbered="true" toc="default">
            <name>Selective Tunnels</name>
            <t>For "selective tunnels" selective tunnels that instantiate S-PMSIs (see [RFC6513] Sections 2.1.1
            <xref target="RFC6513" sectionFormat="bare" section="2.1.1"/> and 3.2.1,
            <xref target="RFC6513" sectionFormat="bare" section="3.2.1"/> of
            <xref target="RFC6513"/> and <xref target="I-D.ietf-bess-evpn-bum-procedure-updates"/>
       Section 4), target="RFC9572"
            sectionFormat="of" section="4"/>), the procedures outlined above
            work only if tunnel segmentation is not used.
            </t>
            <t>
     A selective tunnel carries one or more particular sets of flows to a
     particular subset of the PEs that attach to a given VPN or BD. Each set
     of flows is identified by a Selective PMSI an S-PMSI A-D route [RFC6514]. <xref target=
     "RFC6514"/>.  The PTA of the S-PMSI route identifies the tunnel used to
     carry the corresponding set of flows. Multiple S-PMSI routes can identify
     the same tunnel.
            </t>
            <t>
     When tunnel segmentation is applied to an S-PMSI, certain nodes are
     "segmentation points".  A segmentation point is a node at the boundary
     between two "segmentation regions". segmentation regions.  Let's call these "region A" and
     "region B".  A segmentation point is an egress node for one or more
     selective tunnels in region A, A and an ingress node for one or more
     selective tunnels in region B.  A given segmentation point must be able
     to receive traffic on a selective tunnel from region A, A and label
     switch label-switch
the traffic to the proper selective tunnel in region B.
            </t>
            <t>Suppose that one
     selective tunnel (call it T1) "T1") in region A is carrying two flows, Flow-1
     and Flow-2, identified by S-PMSI route routes Route-1 and Route-2, respectively.
     However, it is possible that, that in region B, Flow-1 is not
     carried by the same selective tunnel that carries Flow-2.  Let's
     suppose that in region B, Flow-1 is carried by tunnel T2 and Flow-2 by
     tunnel T3. Then, when the segmentation point receives traffic from T1,
     it must be able to label switch label-switch Flow-1 from T1 to T2, while also label
     switching label-switching Flow-2 from T1 to T3.  This implies that Route-1 and Route-2
     must signal different labels in the PTA. For comparison, when
     segmentation is not used, they can all use the common per-VPN/BD DCB
     label.
            </t>
            <t>In this case, it is not practical to have a central entity
       assign domain-wide unique labels to individual S-PMSI routes.
       To address this problem, all PEs can be assigned their own
       disjoint label blocks in those few context-specific label spaces, and spaces; each PE will
       independently allocate labels for a segmented S-PMSI from its own
       assigned label block that is different from any other PE's. block. For example,
       PE1 allocates from label block [101~200], PE2 allocates from label block
       [201~300], and so on.
            </t>
            <t>Allocating from disjoint label blocks can be used for VPN/BD/ES labels
       as well, though it does not address the original scaling issue, because
       there would be one million 1,000,000 labels allocated from those few context context-specific
       label spaces in the original example, instead of just one thousand 1000
       common labels.
            </t>
          </section>
          <section title="Per-PE/Region Tunnels"> numbered="true" toc="default">
            <name>Per-PE/Region Tunnels</name>
            <t>Similarly, for segmented per-PE (MVPN (C-*,C-*) S-PMSI or EVPN
            IMET) or per-AS/region (MVPN Inter-AS I-PMSI or EVPN per-Region per-region
            I-PMSI) tunnels
    ([RFC6514] [RFC7432] <xref target="I-D.ietf-bess-evpn-bum-procedure-updates"/>), target="RFC6514"/> <xref target="RFC7432"/>
            <xref target="RFC9572" format="default"/>, labels need to be
            allocated per PMSI route. In the case of a per-PE PMSI route, the labels
            should be allocated from the label block allocated to the
            advertising PE. In the case of a per-AS/region PMSI route, different ASBR/RBRs
       (Regional Border Routers)
            ASBRs/RBRs attached to the same source
            AS/region will advertise the same PMSI route.  The same label
            could be used when the same route is advertised by different
            ASBRs/RBRs, though that requires coordination and coordination; a simpler way is
            for each ASBR/RBR to allocate a label from the label block
            allocated to itself (see <xref target="select"/>). target="select"
            format="default"/>).
            </t>
            <t>In the rest of the this document, we call the label allocated for a particular
       PMSI a (per-)PMSI label, "(per-)PMSI label", just like we have (per-)VPN/BD/ES labels. Notice
       that using a per-PMSI label in the case of a per-PE PMSI still has the original
       scaling issue associated with the upstream-assigned label, so per-region
       PMSIs is are preferred. Within each AS/region, per-PE PMSIs are still
       used
       used, though they do not go across border borders and per-VPN/BD labels can still
       be used.
            </t>
            <t>Note that, that when a segmentation point re-advertises a PMSI route to the
       next segment, it does not need to re-advertise a new label unless
       the upstream or downstream segment uses Ingress Replication. ingress replication.
            </t>
          </section>
          <section title="Alternative numbered="true" toc="default">
            <name>Alternative to the per-PMSI Per-PMSI Label Allocation">
    <t>The per-PMSI Allocation</name>
            <t>Per-PMSI label allocation in the case of segmentation, whether for S-PMSI S-PMSIs
       or for per-PE/Region I-PMSI, per-PE/region I-PMSIs, is for the applied so that segmentation points to be are able
       to label switch label-switch traffic without having to do IP or MAC lookup Media Access Control (MAC) lookups in VRFs
       (the segmentation points typically do not have those VRFs at all).
       If
       Alternatively, if the label scaling becomes a concern, alternatively the segmentation
       points could use (C-S,C-G) lookup lookups in VRFs for flows identified by
       the S-PMSIs. This allows the S-PMSIs for the same VPN/BD to share
       a VPN/BD-identifying label that leads to look up lookups in the VRFs.
       That label needs to be different from the
       label used in the per-PE/region I-PMSIs though, so that the segmentation
       points can label switch label-switch other traffic (not identified by those S-PMSIs).
       However, this moves the scaling problem from the number of labels to
       the number of (C-S/*,C-G) routes in VRFs on the segmentation points.
            </t>
          </section>
        </section>
        <section title="Summary anchor="methods" numbered="true" toc="default">
          <name>Summary of Label Allocation Methods" anchor="methods"> Methods</name>
          <t>In summary, labels can be allocated and advertised in the following ways:
    <list style="numbers">
    <t
          </t>
          <ol spacing="normal" type="1">
	    <li anchor="dcb-assignment">A central entity allocates
	    per-VPN/BD/ES labels from the DCB.  PEs advertise the labels with
	    an indication that they are from the DCB.
    </t>
    <t
            </li>

            <li anchor="context-space">A central entity allocates
            per-VPN/BD/ES labels from a few common context-specific label spaces,
            spaces and allocate allocates labels from the DCB to identify those
            context-specific label spaces. PEs advertise the VPN/BD labels
            along with the context-identifying labels.
    </t>
    <t
            </li>

	    <li anchor="context-block">A central entity assigns disjoint label
            blocks from a few context-specific label spaces to each PE, PE and
            allocates labels from the DCB to identify those context-specific
            label spaces. A PE independently allocates a label for a segmented
            S-PMSI from its assigned label block, block and advertises the label
            along with the context-identifying label.
    </t>
    </list>
    </t>
            </li>
          </ol>
          <t>Option <xref target="dcb-assignment" format="counter"/> is simplest,
       but it requires that all the PEs set aside a common label block for the
       DCB that is large enough for all the VPNs/BDs/ESes VPNs/BDs/ESs combined.
       Option <xref target="context-block" format="counter"/> is needed only
       for segmented selective tunnels that are set up dynamically.
       Multiple options could be used in any combination combination, depending on the
       deployment situation.
          </t>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section title="Specification">
    <t>
    </t> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Specifications</name>
      <section title="Context-Specific numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Context-Specific Label Space ID Extended Community">
    <t>Context-Specific Community</name>
        <t>The Context-Specific Label Space ID Extended Community (EC) is a new Transitive Opaque EC with the following structure:
      <figure>
        </t>
        <artwork align="center"><![CDATA[ align="center" name="" type="" alt=""><![CDATA[
 0                   1                   2                   3
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0x03 or 0x43  |      8        |      ID-Type                  |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|                         ID-Value                              |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
]]></artwork>
      </figure>
       <list style="symbols">
    <t>ID-Type: A

        <dl spacing="normal">
          <dt>ID-Type:</dt>
	  <dd>A 2-octet field that specifies the type of Label Space
          ID.  In this document, the ID-Type is 0, indicating that the
          ID-Value field is a label.
    </t>
    <t>ID-Value: A label.</dd>
          <dt>ID-Value:</dt>
	  <dd>A 4-octet field that specifies the value of the Label Space ID.
       When it is a label (with ID-Type 0), the most significant 20-bit portion
       is set to the label value.
    </t>
       </list>
    </t> value.</dd>
        </dl>
        <t>This document introduces a DCB flag DCB-flag (Bit 47 as assigned by IANA) in the
       "Additional PMSI Tunnel Attribute Flags" BGP Extended Community [RFC7902]. <xref target="RFC7902" format="default"/>.
        </t>
        <t>In the remainder of the this document, when we say that a BGP-MVPN/EVPN A-D route
       "carries DCB-flag"
       carries a DCB-flag or "has has a DCB-flag attached" attached to it, we mean the following:
   <list style="symbols">
      <t>The
        </t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>The route carries a PMSI Tunnel Attribute (PTA) PTA and its Flags field has
         the Extension bit set, AND,
      </t>
      <t>The AND</li>
          <li>The route carries an "Additional PMSI Tunnel Attribute Flags" EC
         and its DCB flag DCB-flag is set
      </t>
   </list>
    </t> set.</li>
        </ul>
      </section>
      <section title="Procedures"> numbered="true" toc="default">
        <name>Procedures</name>
        <t>The protocol and procedures specified in this section MAY <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be used
       when BIER, BIER or P2MP/MP2MP tunnel aggregation
       is used for MVPN/EVPN, an MVPN/EVPN or when BIER/P2MP/MP2MP tunnels are used with EVPN
       multi-homing.
       multihoming. When these procedures are used, all PE routers and segmentation
       points MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> support the procedures. It How to ensure this behavior is outside the scope of this document
       how that is ensured. document.
        </t>
    <t>By means
        <t>Via methods outside the scope of this document, each VPN/BD/ES is assigned
       a label from the DCB or one of those few context-specific label spaces, and every
       PE that is part of the VPN/BD/ES is aware of the assignment. The ES label
       and the BD label MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be assigned from the same label space. If PE
       Distinguisher labels Labels are used [RFC7582], <xref target="RFC7582" format="default"/>, they MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be allocated
       from the same label space as well.
        </t>
        <t>In the case of tunnel segmentation, each PE is also assigned a disjoint
       label block from one of those few context-specific label spaces spaces, and it allocates
       labels for its segmented PMSI routes from its assigned label block.
        </t>
        <t>When a PE originates/re-advertises an x-PMSI/IMET route, the route MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14>
       carry a DCB-flag if and only if the label in its PTA is assigned
       from the DCB.
        </t>
        <t>If the VPN/BD/ES/PMSI label is assigned from one of those few context-specific label
       spaces, a Context-Specific Label Space ID Extended Community MUST EC <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be attached to the
       route. The ID-Type in the EC is set to 0 0, and the ID-Value is set to
       a label allocated from the DCB and identifies the context-specific label space.
       When an ingress PE sends traffic, it imposes the DCB label
       that identifies the context-specific label space after it imposes the label
       (that is advertised in the Label field of the PTA in the x-PMSI/IMET route)
       for the VPN/BD and/or the label (that is advertised in the ESI Label EC)
       for the ESI, and then imposes the encapsulation for the transport tunnel.
        </t>
        <t>When a PE receives an x-PMSI/IMET route with the Context-Specific Label
       Space ID EC, it MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> place an entry in its default MPLS forwarding table
       to map the label in the EC to a corresponding context-specific
       label table. That table is used for the next label lookup for incoming
       data traffic with the label signaled in the EC.
        </t>
        <t>Then, the receiving PE MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> place an entry for the label that is in the PTA or
    ESI Label EC into in
       either the default MPLS forwarding table (if the route carries the
       DCB-flag) or the context-specific label table (if the Context-Specific Label Space ID EC
       is present) according to the x-PMSI/IMET route.
        </t>
        <t>An x-PMSI/IMET route MUST NOT both <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> carry both the
        DCB-flag and the Context-Specific Label Space ID EC.  A received route
        with both the DCB-flag set and the Context Context-Specific Label Space ID EC attached MUST
        <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be treated as withdrawn.  If neither the DCB-flag
        nor the Context-Specific Label Space ID EC is attached, the label in
        the PTA or ESI Label EC MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be treated as the
        upstream-assigned label from the label space of the source PE, and
        procedures provided in [RFC6514][RFC7432]
       MUST <xref target="RFC6514"/> and <xref target="RFC7432"/>
        <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be followed.
        </t>
        <t>If a PE originates two x-PMSI/IMET routes with the same tunnel,
    it MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> ensure that one of the following scenarios applies, so that the PE receiving the routes
    can correctly interpret the label that follows the tunnel encapsulation
    of data packets arriving via the tunnel.
       <list style="symbols">
    <t>They MUST tunnel:
        </t>
        <ul spacing="normal">
          <li>They <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> all have the DCB-flag, or,
    </t>
    <t>They MUST DCB-flag,</li>
          <li>They <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> all carry the Context-Specific Label Space ID EC, or,
    </t>
    <t>None EC,</li>
          <li>None of them has have the DCB-flag, or,
    </t>
    <t>None or</li>
          <li>None of them carry the Context-Specific Label Space ID EC.
    </t>
       </list>
    </t> EC.</li>
        </ul>
        <t>Otherwise, a receiving PE MUST <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> treat the routes as if they were withdrawn.
        </t>
      </section>
    </section>
    <section title="Security Considerations"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>Security Considerations</name>
      <t>This document allows three methods (<xref target="methods"/>) target="methods" format="default"/>) of
      label allocation for MVPN [RFC6514] PEs <xref target="RFC6514"/> or EVPN [RFC7432] PEs <xref target="RFC7432"/> and
      specifies corresponding signaling and procedures. The first method (Option <xref target="dcb-assignment" format="counter"/>) is
      the equivalent of using common SRGBs [RFC8402] <xref target="RFC8402"/> from the regular
      per platform
      per-platform label space. The second one method (Option <xref target="context-space" format="counter"/>) is the equivalent of using
      common SRGBs from a third party third-party label space [RFC5331]. <xref target="RFC5331" format="default"/>. The third
      method (Option <xref target="context-block" format="counter"/>) is a variation of the second, second in that the third party third-party label
      space is divided into disjoint blocks for use by different PEs,
      who
      where each PE will use labels from their its respective block to send traffic.
      In all cases, a receiving PE is able to identify one of a the few label
      forwarding tables to forward incoming labeled traffic.
      </t>
      <t>None of the [RFC6514], [RFC7432], [RFC8402]
      <t><xref target="RFC6514"/>, <xref target="RFC7432"/>, <xref
      target="RFC8402"/>, and [RFC5331]
      specifications lists <xref target="RFC5331" format="default"/>
      do not list any security concerns related to label allocation
      methods, and this document does not introduce any new security concerns
      either. in this regard.
      </t>
    </section>
    <section title="IANA Considerations"> numbered="true" toc="default">
      <name>IANA Considerations</name>
      <t>IANA has made the following assignments:
      <list style="symbols">
      </t>
      <ul spacing="normal">
        <li>
          <t>Bit 47 (DCB) from in the "Additional PMSI Tunnel Attribute Flags" registry
    <figure>
    <artwork>
     Bit Flag    Name                             Reference
     --------    ----------------------           -------------
     47          DCB (temporary)                  This document
    </artwork>
    </figure>
        </t> registry:</t>

<table align="left" anchor="bit-47-iana-table">
  <name></name>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Bit Flag</th>
      <th>Name</th>
      <th>Reference</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>47</td>
      <td>DCB</td>
      <td>RFC 9573</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

        </li>
        <li>
          <t>Sub-type 0x08 for "Context-Specific Label Space ID Extended Community" from in the "Transitive Opaque Extended Community Sub-Types" registry
    <figure>
    <artwork>
     Sub-Type Value    Name                             Reference
     --------------    ----------------------           -------------
     0x08              Context-Specific registry:
          </t>

<table align="left" anchor="sub-type-iana-table">
  <name></name>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Sub-Type Value</th>
      <th>Name</th>
      <th>Reference</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>0x08</td>
      <td>Context-Specific Label Space ID  This document Extended Community
    </artwork>
    </figure>
        </t>
      </list>
      </t> Community</td>
      <td>RFC 9573</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>
        </li>
      </ul>
      <t>IANA is requested to create a has created the "Context-Specific Label Space ID Type"
      registry in within the "Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Extended Communities"
      group.
      group of registries. The registration procedure is First Come First Served. Served <xref target="RFC8126"/>.
      The initial assignment is as follows:
    <figure>
    <artwork>
     ID Type    Name                             Reference
     -------    ----------------------           -------------
     0          MPLS Label                       This document
     1-254      unassigned
     255        reserved
    </artwork>
    </figure>
      </t>

<table align="left" anchor="context-iana-table">
  <name></name>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Type Value</th>
      <th>Name</th>
      <th>Reference</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>

    <tr>
      <td>0</td>
      <td>MPLS Label</td>
      <td>RFC 9573</td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>1-254</td>
      <td>Unassigned</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>

    <tr>
      <td>255</td>
      <td>Reserved</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>

  </tbody>
</table>

    </section>
  </middle>
  <back>

<displayreference target="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn" to="BIER-EVPN"/>

    <references>
      <name>References</name>
      <references>
        <name>Normative References</name>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6513.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6514.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7432.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7524.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7582.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7902.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4360.xml"/>
      </references>
      <references>
        <name>Informative References</name>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5331.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8279.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8556.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8402.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8660.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4364.xml"/>
        <xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8126.xml"/>

<!-- draft-ietf-bier-evpn (-14 in EDIT as of May 2024)
     (long way to fix Zhaohui Zhang's initial.
     Have to keep "Przygienda, A." (as opposed to "Przygienda, T." as used in
     published RFCs), because this is a draft) -->
<reference anchor="I-D.ietf-bier-evpn">
<front>
<title>EVPN BUM Using BIER</title>
<author fullname="Zhaohui Zhang" initials="Z." surname="Zhang">
<organization>Juniper Networks</organization>
</author>
<author fullname="Antoni Przygienda" initials="A." surname="Przygienda">
<organization>Juniper Networks</organization>
</author>
<author fullname="Ali Sajassi" initials="A." surname="Sajassi">
<organization>Cisco Systems</organization>
</author>
<author fullname="Jorge Rabadan" initials="J." surname="Rabadan">
<organization>Nokia</organization>
</author>
<date day="2" month="January" year="2024"/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-bier-evpn-14"/>
</reference>

<!-- draft-ietf-bess-evpn-bum-procedure-updates (RFC 9572) -->
<reference anchor="RFC9572" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9572">
<front>
<title>Updates to EVPN Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, or Multicast (BUM) Procedures</title>
<author initials='Z' surname='Zhang' fullname='Zhaohui Zhang'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='W' surname='Lin' fullname='Wen Lin'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='J' surname='Rabadan' fullname='Jorge Rabadan'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='K' surname='Patel' fullname='Keyur Patel'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='A' surname='Sajassi' fullname='Ali Sajassi'>
<organization />
</author>
<date year='2024' month='May'/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9572"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9572"/>
</reference>

      </references>
    </references>
    <section anchor="Acknowledgements" title="Acknowledgements"> numbered="false" toc="default">
      <name>Acknowledgements</name>
      <t>The authors thank Stephane Litkowski, Ali Sajassi and Jingrong Xie <contact fullname="Stephane Litkowski"/>, <contact fullname="Ali Sajassi"/>, and <contact fullname="Jingrong Xie"/>
      for their review reviews of, comments on on, and suggestions for this document.
      </t>
    </section>
    <section title="Contributors"> numbered="false" toc="default">
      <name>Contributors</name>
      <t>The following individual also contributed to this document.
    <figure>
    <artwork>
Selvakumar Sivaraj
Juniper Networks

Email: ssivaraj@juniper.net
    </artwork>
    </figure> document:
      </t>

<contact fullname="Selvakumar Sivaraj">
<organization>Juniper Networks</organization>
<address>
  <email>ssivaraj@juniper.net</email>
</address>
</contact>
    </section>
   </middle>

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