% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% etruscan.dtx
%
% Author: Peter Wilson (Herries Press) herries dot press at earthlink dot net
% Copyright 1999--2005 Peter R. Wilson
%
% This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
% conditions of the Latex Project Public License, either
% version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
% later version.
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% \changes{v1.0}{1999/03/14}{First public release}
% \changes{v2.0}{2000/10/01}{Changes to practically everything}
% \changes{v2.1}{2005/04/11}{Contact changes and additions for Postscript Type1}
%
% \def\fileversion{v1.0} \def\filedate{1999/03/14}
% \def\fileversion{v2.0} \def\filedate{2000/10/01}
% \def\fileversion{v2.1} \def\filedate{2005/04/11}
% \newcommand*{\Lpack}[1]{\textsf {#1}} ^^A typeset a package
% \newcommand*{\Lopt}[1]{\textsf {#1}} ^^A typeset an option
% \newcommand*{\file}[1]{\texttt {#1}} ^^A typeset a file
% \newcommand*{\Lcount}[1]{\textsl {\small#1}} ^^A typeset a counter
% \newcommand*{\pstyle}[1]{\textsl {#1}} ^^A typeset a pagestyle
% \newcommand*{\Lenv}[1]{\texttt {#1}} ^^A typeset an environment
% \newcommand{\BC}{\textsc{bc}}
% \newcommand{\AD}{\textsc{ad}}
% \newcommand{\thisfont}{Etruscan}
%
% \title{The \Lpack{Etruscan} fonts\thanks{This
% file has version number \fileversion, last revised
% \filedate.}}
%
% \author{%
% Peter Wilson\thanks{\texttt{herries dot press at earthlink dot net}}\\
% Herries Press
% }
% \date{\filedate}
% \maketitle
% \begin{abstract}
% The \Lpack{etruscan} bundle provides a set of fonts for the Etruscan
% script as used about the eighth century~\BC{} in Italy.
% \end{abstract}
% \tableofcontents
%
%
% \section{Introduction}
%
% The Etruscan alphabet and characters is a direct ancestor of our modern day
% Latin alphabet and fonts. Scholars can read Etruscan writing, but they
% have little understanding of the language itself as, apart from proper names,
% the meanings of less than a score of words are known. The font presented here
% is one of a series showing the evolution of the modern Latin alphabet
% from its original Phoenician source to its modern day appearance.
%
% This manual is typeset according to the conventions of the
% \LaTeX{} \textsc{docstrip} utility which enables the automatic
% extraction of the \LaTeX{} macro source files~\cite{COMPANION}.
%
% Section~\ref{sec:usc} describes the usage of the package.
% Commented code for the fonts and the package are in later sections.
%
% \subsection{An alphabetic tree}
%
% Scholars are reasonably agreed that all the world's alphabets are descended
% from a Semitic alphabet invented about 1600~\BC{} in the Middle
% East~\cite{DRUCKER95}. The word `Semitic' refers
% to the family of languages used in the geographical area from
% Sinai in the south, up the Mediterranean coast to Asia Minor in the north and
% west to the valley of the Euphrates.
%
% The Phoenician alphabet was stable by about 1100~\BC{} and the script was
% written right to left. In earlier times the writing direction was variable,
% and so were
% the shapes and orientation of the characters. The alphabet consisted of
% 22 letters and they were named after things. For example, their first two
% letters were called \textit{aleph} (ox), and \textit{beth} (house).
% The Phoenician script had
% only one case --- unlike our modern fonts which have both upper- and
% lower-cases. In modern day terms the Phoenician abecedary was: \\
% A B G D E Y Z H $\Theta$ I K L M N O P ts Q R S T \\
% where the `Y' (\textit{vau}) character was sometimes written as `F', and
% `ts' stands for the \textit{tsade} character.
%
% The Greek alphabet is one of the descendants of the Phoenician alphabet;
% another was Aramaic which is the ancestor of the Arabic, Persian and Indian
% scripts.
% Initially Greek was written right to left but around the 6th C~\BC{} became
% \textit{boustrophedron}, meaning that the lines
% alternated in direction. At about 500~\BC{} the writing direction stabilised
% as left to
% right. The Greeks modified the Phoenician alphabet to match the vocalisation
% of their language. They kept the Phoenician names of the letters, suitably
% `greekified', so \textit{aleph} became the familar \textit{alpha} and
% \textit{beth} became \textit{beta}. At this
% point the names of the letters had no meaning. There were several variants
% of the Greek character glyphs until they were finally fixed in Athens in
% 403~\BC.
% The Greeks did not develop a lower-case
% script until about 600--700~\AD.
%
% The Etruscans based their alphabet on the Greek one, and again modified it.
% However, the Etruscans wrote right to left, so their borrowed characters are
% mirror images of the original Greek ones. Like the Phoenicians, the Etruscan
% script consisted of only one case; they died out before ever needing a
% lower-case script. The Etruscan script was used up until the first century
% \AD, even though the Etruscans themselves had dissapeared by that time.
%
%
% In turn, the Romans based their alphabet on the Etruscan one, but as they
% wrote left to right, the characters were again mirrored (although the early
% Roman inscriptions are boustrophedron).
%
% As the English alphabet is descended from the Roman alphabet
% it has a pedigree of some three and a half thousand years.
%
% \section{The \Lpack{etruscan} package} \label{sec:usc}
%
% The Etruscan alphabet originally consisted of 26 letters but by about
% 450~\BC{} had decreased to only 20.
% The Etruscan font as provided here consists of 27 letters. The font is
% mainly based on an 8th C~\BC{} Etruscan abecedary in the Museo Archeologico,
% Florence, together with one character that looks like our digit 8 as shown
% by Richard Firmage~\cite{FIRMAGE93}. I also used information from the
% \textit{Encyclopedia Brittanica}.
%
%
%
% Table~\ref{tab} lists, in the \thisfont{} alphabetical order, the
% transliterated value of the characters and the Greek and Phoenician
% (in parenthesis)
% names of the character.
%
% \begin{table}
% \centering
% \caption{The \thisfont{} script and alphabet}\label{tab}
% \begin{tabular}{clcll} \hline
% Value & Name & ASCII & Command & Command \\ \hline
% \textit{A} &
% alpha (aleph) &
% a & |\Aalpha| &
% |\ARalpha|
% \\
% \textit{B} &
% beta (beth) &
% b & |\Abeta| &
% |\ARbeta|
% \\
% \textit{G} &
% gamma (gimel) &
% g & |\Agamma| &
% |\Agamma|
% \\
% \textit{D} &
% delta (daleth) &
% d & |\Adelta| &
% |\Adelta|
% \\
% \textit{E} &
% epsilon (he) &
% e & |\Aepsilon| &
% |\ARepsilon|
% \\
% \textit{F} &
% digamma (vav) &
% F & |\Adigamma| &
% |\ARdigamma|
% \\
% \textit{Z} &
% zeta (zayin) &
% z & |\Azeta| &
% |\ARzeta|
% \\
% \textit{H} &
% eta (heth) &
% h & |\Aeta| &
% |\AReta|
% \\
% $\Theta$ &
% theta (teth) &
% T & |\Atheta| &
% |\ARtheta|
% \\
% \textit{I} &
% iota (yod) &
% i & |\Aiota| &
% |\ARiota|
% \\
% \textit{K} &
% kappa (kaph) &
% k & |\Akappa| &
% |\Akappa|
% \\
% \textit{L} &
% lambda (lamed) &
% l & |\Alambda| &
% |\ARlambda|
% \\
% \textit{M} &
% mu (mem) &
% m & |\Amu| &
% |\ARmu|
% \\
% \textit{N} &
% nu (nun) &
% n & |\Anu| &
% |\ARnu|
% \\
% $\Xi$ &
% xi (samekh) &
% x & |\Axi| &
% |\ARxi|
% \\
% \textit{O} &
% omicron (ayin) &
% o & |\Aomicron| &
% |\ARomicron|
% \\
% \textit{P} &
% pi (pe) &
% p & |\Api| &
% |\ARpi|
% \\
% \textit{S} &
% (sade) &
% S & |\Aesade| &
% |\AResade|
% \\
% \textit{Q} &
% (qoph) &
% q & |\Aqoph| &
% |\ARqoph|
% \\
% \textit{R} &
% rho (resh) &
% r & |\Arho| &
% |\ARrho|
% \\
% \textit{S} &
% sigma (shin) &
% S & |\Asigma| &
% |\ARsigma|
% \\
% \textit{T} &
% tau (tav) &
% t & |\Atau| &
% |\ARtau|
% \\
% \textit{Y} &
% upsilon (vav) &
% y & |\Aupsilon| &
% |\ARupsilon|
% \\
% \textit{X} &
% chi &
% X & |\Achi| &
% |\ARchi|
% \\
% $\Phi$ &
% phi &
% f & |\Aphi| &
% |\ARphi|
% \\
% $\Psi$ &
% psi &
% P & |\Apsi| &
% |\ARpsi|
% \\
% \textit{F} &
% (vav?) &
% v & |\Avau| &
% |\ARvau|
% \\
% \hline
% \end{tabular}
% \end{table}
%
%
% \DescribeMacro{\etrfamily}
% This command selects the Etruscan font family. The family name is |etr|.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\textetr}
% The command |\textetr{|\meta{text}|}| typesets \meta{text} in the
% Etruscan font.
%
% I have provided two ways of accessing the \thisfont{} glyphs:
% (a) by ASCII characters, and
% (b) by commands whose names are based on the (Greek or Phoenician)
% name of the
% character.
% These are shown in Table~\ref{tab}. The commands of the form |\ARxxx|
% access the glyph forms for writing right-to-left, while the forms
% for writing left-to-right are accessed by either the ASCII characters
% or the |\Axxx| commands.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\translitetr}
% |\translitetr{|\meta{commands}|}| will typeset a transliterated
% version of the character \meta{commands} (those in the last two columns
% of Table~\ref{tab}). A mixture of Latin and Greek uppercase characters
% are used for the transliteration.
%
% \DescribeMacro{\translitetrfont}
% The font used for the transliteration is defined by this macro,
% which is initialised as an upright form (i.e., |\mathrm|).
%
% \StopEventually{
% \bibliographystyle{alpha}
% \begin{thebibliography}{GMS94}
%
% \bibitem[Dru95]{DRUCKER95}
% Johanna Drucker.
% \newblock \emph{The Alphabetic Labyrinth}.
% \newblock Thames and Hudson, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Fir93]{FIRMAGE93}
% Richard A.~Firmage.
% \newblock \emph{The Alphabet Abecedarium}.
% \newblock David R.~Goodine, 1993.
%
% \bibitem[MG04]{COMPANION}
% Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens.
% \newblock \emph{The LaTeX Companion}.
% \newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, second edition, 2004.
%
% \end{thebibliography}
% \PrintIndex
% }
%
%
%
%
% \section{The Metafont code} \label{sec:mf}
%
% \subsection{The parameter file}
%
% We deal with the parameter file first, and start by announcing
% what it is for.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*up>
%%% ETR10.MF Computer Etruscan font 10 point design size.
% \end{macrocode}
% Specify the font size.
% \begin{macrocode}
font_identifier:="etruscan"; font_size 10pt#;
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{u}
% \begin{macro}{ht}
% \begin{macro}{s}
% \begin{macro}{o}
% \begin{macro}{px}
% \begin{macro}{font-normal-space}
% \begin{macro}{font-normal-shrink}
% \begin{macro}{font-x-height}
% \begin{macro}{font-quad}
% Define the very simple font parameters.
% \begin{macrocode}
u#:=.2pt#; % unit width
ht#:=7pt#; % height of characters (CM cap-height is approx 6.8pt)
s#:=1.5pt#; % width correction (right and left)
o#:=1/20pt#; % overshoot
px#:=.7pt#; % horizontal width of pen
font_normal_space:=7pt#; % width of a blank space
font_normal_shrink:=.9pt#; % width correction for blank space
font_x_height:=4.5pt#; % height of one ex
font_quad:=10pt#; % an em
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% For a full font the driver file would noramally be called for here.
% In this case I have embedded it.
%
%
%
% \subsection{The driver file}
%
% If there was a driver file, this would be its contents.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% end of parameters
% start of driver code
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
font_coding_scheme:="Etruscan glyphs";
mode_setup;
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{ho}
% \begin{macro}{leftloc}
% \begin{macro}{py}
% Perform additional setup.
% \begin{macrocode}
ho#:=o#; % horizontal overshoot
leftloc#:=s#; % leftmost xcoord of character
py#:=.9px#; % vertical thickness of the pen
define_pixels(s,u);
define_blacker_pixels(px,py);
define_good_x_pixels(leftloc);
define_corrected_pixels(o); % turn on overshoot correction
define_horizontal_corrected_pixels(ho);
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{midloc}
% \begin{macro}{rightloc}
% Variables for the middle xcoord and rightmost xcoord of a character.
% \begin{macrocode}
numeric midloc, rightloc;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{stylus}
% Define the pen.
% \begin{macrocode}
pickup pencircle xscaled px yscaled py;
stylus:=savepen;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{beginglyph}
% A macro to save some typing of beginchar arguments.
% \begin{macrocode}
def beginglyph(expr code, unit_width) =
beginchar(code, unit_width*ht#+2s#, ht#, 0);
midloc:=1/2w; rightloc:=(w-s);
pickup stylus enddef;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{cmchar}
% |cmchar| should precede each character
% \begin{macrocode}
let cmchar=\;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% The end of the driver code, except for calling the glyph code.
%
% \subsection{The glyph code}
%
% The following code generates the glyphs for the Etruscan font. The characters
% are defined in the Etruscan alphabetic ordering.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% glyph code
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{a}
% The letter A. Much like our modern A, and symmetrical. It corresponds to the
% Phoenician \textit{alpeh} and the Greek \textit{alpha} ($A$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter A (a)";
beginglyph("a",0.6);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc; % base points
bot y1 = bot y3 = -o;
x2 = midloc; top y2 = h; % apex
% draw the legs
draw z1--z2--z3;
z4 = 0.4[z1, z2]; z5 = 0.4[z3,z2];
% draw the bar
draw z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5);
endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{b}
% The letter B, which is similar to our modern B, and is asymmetric.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{beth} and the Greek \textit{beta} ($B$)
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter B (b)";
beginglyph("b",0.6);
x1=x3=x5=leftloc;
x2=x4=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=1/4h; y3=1/2h; y4=3/4h;
draw z1--z5; % the upright
draw z1{right}..z2..z3{left}; % lower bowl
draw z3{right}..z4..z5{left}; % upper bowl
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{g}
% The letter G. This corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{gimel} and the Greek
% \textit{gamma} ($\Gamma$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter G (g)";
beginglyph("g", 0.6);
x1=rightloc;
x2=leftloc;
x3=0.1[x2,x1];
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1...z2{left}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{d}
% The letter D. Our modern D is recognisably present.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{daleth} and the Greek \textit{delta} ($\Delta$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter D (d)";
beginglyph("d",0.6);
x1=x3=leftloc;
x2=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; y3=h;
y2=1/2h;
draw z1--z3; % the upright
draw z1..z2..z3; % bowl
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{e}
% The letter E.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{he} and the Greek \textit{epsilon} ($E$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter E (e)";
beginglyph("e",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc;
x1=x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.7h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7; % the upright
draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{F}
% The letter F. This is like a 2-armed E.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{vau}.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter F (F)";
beginglyph("F",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x5=x6=x7=leftloc;
x1=x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.6h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7; % the upright
draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{z}
% The letter Z. This looks like our uppercase letter I.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{zayin} and the Greek \textit{zeta} ($Z$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Z (z)";
beginglyph("z",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2; % the upright
x3=x5=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc;
y3=y4=y1; y5=y6=y2;
draw z3--z4; % lower bar
draw z5--z6; % upper bar
labels(1,2); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%
%
% \begin{macro}{H}
% The letter H. It looks like a rectangle with two horizontal internal bars.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{heth} and the Greek \textit{eta} ($H$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter H (h)";
beginglyph("h", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x6=leftloc;
x1=x3=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.35[z1,z3]; z5=0.35[z4,z6]; % ends of one bar
z7=0.65[z1,z3]; z8=0.65[z4,z6]; % other bar
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary
draw z2--z5; draw z7--z8; % the bars
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{T}
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{teth} and the Greek \textit{theta} ($\Theta$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Theta (T)";
beginglyph("T",1.0);
path p;
x1=leftloc;
x3=rightloc;
y2=h;
y4=0;
x2=x4=midloc;
y1=y3=h/2;
z100=(x2,y3); % circle center
p = z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
z11= (z100--(leftloc,h)) intersectionpoint p;
z12= (z100--(rightloc,h)) intersectionpoint p;
z13= (z100--(rightloc,0)) intersectionpoint p;
z14= (z100--(leftloc,0)) intersectionpoint p;
draw p;
draw z11--z13; draw z12--z14; % the cross
labels(1,2,3,4,11,12,13,14); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{i}
% The letter I.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{yod}and the Greek \textit{iota} ($I$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter I (i)";
beginglyph("i",0.2);
x1=x2=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
draw z1--z2;
labels(1,2); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{k}
% The letter K.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{kaph} and the Greek \textit{kappa} ($K$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter K (k)";
beginglyph("k",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=rightloc;
x2=x1+alpha*(w-s);
x3=x4=x5=leftloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o;
y2=y5=h; y4=1/2h;
draw z3--z5; % the upright
draw z1--z4; draw z4--z2; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{l}
% The letter L.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{lamed} and the Greek \textit{lambda} ($\Lambda$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L (l)";
beginglyph("l",0.4);
x2=x3=leftloc;
x1=rightloc;
bot y2=-o;
y1=.3h;
y3=h;
draw z2--z3; % the upright
draw z2--z1; % the arms
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{m}
% The letter M.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{mem} and the Greek \textit{mu} ($M$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar"Etruscan letter M (m)";
beginglyph("m",1.0);
x1=rightloc;
x5=x6=leftloc;
x2=3/4[x5,x1]; x3=1/2[x5,x1]; x4=1/4[x5,x1];
bot y6= -o;
top y5= top y3 = h;
top y1=.8h;
y2=.6h;
y4=.7h;
draw z6--z5;
draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{n}
% The letter N.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{nun} and the Greek \textit{nu} ($N$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter N (n)";
beginglyph("n",0.6);
x1=rightloc;
x3=midloc; x2=x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o;
top y1= top y4= h;
y3=.7h;
draw z2--z4;
draw z1--z3--z4;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{x}
% The letter corresponding to the Greek \textit{xi} ($\Xi$). It looks like a `boxed'
% version of the modern H.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{samekh}.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Xi (x)";
beginglyph("x", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x4=x6=leftloc;
x1=x3=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6];
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary
draw z2--z5; % bar
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{o}
% The letter O.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{ayen} and the Greek \textit{omicron} ($O$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter O (o)";
beginglyph("o",1.0);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;
y2=h; y4=0;
x2=x4=midloc;
y1=y3=h/2;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{p}
% The letter P.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{pe} and the Greek \textit{pi} ($\Pi$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter P (p)";
beginglyph("p", 0.4);
x1=rightloc; x2=x3=leftloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1..z2{left}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{S}
% The Etruscans had a letter that looks like a modern M, and in the same
% position as the Phoenician \textit{tsade}.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan lookalike M letter (tsade, S)";
beginglyph("S",0.8);
x1=x2=leftloc;
x4=x5=rightloc;
x3=midloc;
top y2= top y5= h;
bot y1=bot y4= -o;
y3=.7h;
draw z1--z2--z3--z5--z4;
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{q}
% The letter Q.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{qoph}.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Q (q)";
beginglyph("q",0.6);
numeric alpha;
x1=leftloc;
x3=rightloc;
alpha=0.5(x3-x1); % circle radius
y2=h;
y4=y2-2alpha;
bot y5=-o;
x2=x4=x5=midloc;
y1=y3=h-alpha;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; % the circle
draw z5--z4; % the upright
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{r}
% The letter R. It looks somewhat like a 4.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{resh} and the Greek \textit{rho} ($R$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter R (r)";
beginglyph("r", 0.4);
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
y3=y4=0.5h;
draw z1--z2--z4--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{s}
% The letter S.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{shin} and the Greek \textit{sigma} ($\Sigma$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter S (s)";
beginglyph("s", 0.4);
x1=x2=rightloc; x3=x4=leftloc; x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=y3=0.4h; y4=0.8h;
draw z1--z3--z2--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{t}
% The letter T.
% It corresponds to the Phoenician \textit{tav} and the Greek \textit{tau} ($T$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter T (t)";
beginglyph("t", 0.6);
x1=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
z3=0.5[z1,z4];
x2=x3;
draw z2--z3; % the stem
draw z1--z4; % the bar
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{y}
% The letter Y/U. This comes from the Greek \textit{upsilon} ($\Upsilon$)
% and the Phoenician \textit{vau}.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Y/U (y)";
beginglyph("y", 0.6);
x1=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y2=-o; y1=0.9h;
top y4=h;
x2=x3=0.6[x4,x1];
y3=.6h;
draw z2--z3; % the stem
draw z1--z3--z4; % the V
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{X}
% The letter corresponding to the Greek \textit{chi} ($X$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter X";
beginglyph("X", 0.6);
x1=x2=leftloc; x3=x4=rightloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o; top y2= top y4=h;
draw z1--z4; draw z2--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{f}
% The Etruscan version of the Greek \textit{phi} ($\Phi$).
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Phi (f)";
beginglyph("f",0.6);
numeric alpha;
x1=leftloc;
x3=rightloc;
alpha=0.5(x3-x1); % circle radius
y2=h;
y4=y2-2alpha;
bot y5=-o;
x2=x4=x5=midloc;
y1=y3=h-alpha;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle; % the circle
draw z5--z2; % the upright
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{P}
% The Etruscans had the Greek \textit{psi} ($\Psi$) letter.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter Psi (P)";
beginglyph("P", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x3=rightloc;
x2=x4=midloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h; y1=y3=y4;
z5=0.5[z2,z4];
draw z2--z4; % the stem
draw z1--z5--z3; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{v}
% The Etruscans used a character that looks like the digit 8 for an
% `f' sound.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter 8 lookalike (v)";
beginglyph("v", 0.6);
x2=x6=leftloc;
x4=x7=rightloc;
x1=x3=x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h; y3=0.5h;
y2=y7=0.25h;
y6=y4=0.75h;
draw z1..z2..z3..z4..z5..z6..z3..z7..cycle;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% The following characters are for the normal Etruscan writing mode
% of right to left. The characters are mirror images of the ASCII uppercase
% counterparts. Symmetric characters that are called by \LaTeX{} commands
% need not be coded.
%
%
% \begin{macro}{B}
% The letter B, which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R B (B)";
beginglyph("B",0.6);
x2=x4=leftloc; x1=x3=x5=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=1/4h; y3=1/2h; y4=3/4h;
draw z1--z5; % the upright
draw z1{left}..z2..z3{right}; % lower bowl
draw z3{left}..z4..z5{right}; % upper bowl
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{G}
% The letter G which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R G (G)";
beginglyph("G", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x2=rightloc; x3=0.9rightloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1...z2{right}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{D}
% The letter D which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R D (D)";
beginglyph("D",0.6);
x2=leftloc; x1=x3=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; y3=h;
y2=1/2h;
draw z1--z3; % the upright
draw z1..z2..z3; % bowl
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{E}
% The letter E which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R E (E)";
beginglyph("E",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.7h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7; % the upright
draw z1--z5; draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{U}
% The letter F which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R F (U)";
beginglyph("U",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=x2=x3=leftloc; x4=x5=x6=x7=rightloc;
bot y4=-o; y7=h;
y6=.6h; y5=.4h;
y1=y5-alpha*h; y2=y6-alpha*h; y3=y7-alpha*h;
draw z4--z7; % the upright
draw z2--z6; draw z3--z7; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{H}
% The letter H which is asymmetrical.
% \changes{v2.1}{2005/04/11}{Changed H glyph}
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R H (H)";
beginglyph("H", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
%%%% x4=x6=leftloc; x1=x3=rightloc;
x4=x6=rightloc; x1=x3=leftloc;
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.35[z1,z3]; z5=0.35[z4,z6]; % ends of one bar
z7=0.65[z1,z3]; z8=0.65[z4,z6]; % other bar
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary
draw z2--z5; draw z7--z8; % the bars
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{C}
% The letter x which is asymmetrical.
% \changes{v2.1}{2005/04./11}{Added C glyph}
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R x (C)";
beginglyph("C", 0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
%%%%x1=x3=rightloc; x4=x6=leftloc;
x1=x3=leftloc; x4=x6=rightloc;
bot y1=-o; top y6=h;
y3=y6-alpha*h; y4=y1+alpha*h;
z2=0.5[z1,z3]; z5=0.5[z4,z6];
draw z1--z3--z6--z4--cycle; % outer boundary
draw z2--z5; % bar
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{K}
% The letter K which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R K (K)";
beginglyph("K",0.6);
numeric alpha;
alpha:=0.1;
x1=leftloc; x2=x1+alpha*(w-s); x3=x4=x5=rightloc;
bot y1= bot y3=-o;
y2=y5=h; y4=1/2h;
draw z3--z5; % the upright
draw z1--z4; draw z4--z2; % the arms
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{L}
% The letter L which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R L (L)";
beginglyph("L",0.4);
x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y2=-o;
y1=.3h;
y3=h;
draw z2--z3; % the upright
draw z2--z1; % the arms
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{M}
% The letter M which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar"Etruscan letter L-R M (M)";
beginglyph("M",1.0);
x1=leftloc;
x5=x6=rightloc;
x2=1/4[x1,x5]; x3=1/2[x1,x5]; x4=3/4[x1,x5];
bot y6= -o;
top y5= top y3 = h;
top y1=.8h;
y2=.6h;
y4=.7h;
draw z6--z5;
draw z1--z2--z3--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5,6); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{N}
% The letter N which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R N (N)";
beginglyph("N",0.6);
x1=leftloc;
x3=midloc; x2=x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o;
top y1= top y4= h;
y3=.7h;
draw z2--z4;
draw z1--z3--z4;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{Q}
% The letter P which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R P (Q)";
beginglyph("Q", 0.4);
x1=leftloc; x2=x3=rightloc;
bot y3=-o; y2=h;
y1=0.8h;
draw z1..z2{right}--z3;
labels(1,2,3); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
%
% \begin{macro}{R}
% The letter R which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R R (R)";
beginglyph("R", 0.4);
x1=x2=x3=rightloc; x4=leftloc;
bot y1=-o; top y2=h;
y3=y4=0.5h;
draw z1--z2--z4--z3;
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Z}
% The letter S which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R S (Z)";
beginglyph("Z", 0.4);
x1=x2=leftloc; x3=x4=rightloc; x5=midloc;
bot y1=-o; top y5=h;
y2=y3=0.4h; y4=0.8h;
draw z1--z3--z2--z4--z5;
labels(1,2,3,4,5); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{J}
% The letter T which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R T (J)";
beginglyph("J", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
z3=0.5[z1,z4];
x2=x3;
draw z2--z3; % the stem
draw z1--z4; % the bar
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{Y}
% The letter Y/U which is asymmetrical.
% \begin{macrocode}
cmchar "Etruscan letter L-R U (Y)";
beginglyph("Y", 0.6);
x1=leftloc; x4=rightloc;
bot y2=-o; top y4=h;
y1=.9h;
x2=x3=0.4(w-s);
y3=.6h;
draw z2--z3; % the stem
draw z1--z3--z4; % the V
labels(1,2,3,4); endchar;
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% The end of the glyph code, and the file.
% \begin{macrocode}
end
%</up>
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
%
% \section{The font definition files} \label{sec:fd}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*fdot1>
\DeclareFontFamily{OT1}{etr}{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{n}{ <-> etr10 }{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{b}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{OT1}{etr}{m}{it}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
%</fdot1>
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*fdt1>
\DeclareFontFamily{T1}{etr}{}
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{n}{ <-> etr10 }{}
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{bx}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{b}{n}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{sl}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
\DeclareFontShape{T1}{etr}{m}{it}{ <-> sub etr/m/n }{}
%</fdt1>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \section{The \Lpack{etruscan} package code} \label{sec:code}
%
% Announce the name and version of the package, which requires
% \LaTeXe{}.
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*usc>
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{etruscan}[2000/10/01 v2.0 package for Etruscan fonts]
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{macro}{\etrfamily}
% Selects the Etruscan font family in the T1 encoding.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand{\etrfamily}{\usefont{T1}{etr}{m}{n}}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\textetr}
% Text command for the Etruscan font family.
% \begin{macrocode}
\DeclareTextFontCommand{\textetr}{\etrfamily}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% The commands for the signs.
%
% \begin{macrocode}
\chardef\Aalpha=`a
\chardef\Abeta=`b
\chardef\Agamma=`g
\chardef\Adelta=`d
\chardef\Aepsilon=`e
\chardef\Adigamma=`F
\chardef\Azeta=`z
\chardef\Aeta=`h
\chardef\Atheta=`T
\chardef\Aiota=`i
\chardef\Akappa=`k
\chardef\Alambda=`l
\chardef\Amu=`m
\chardef\Anu=`n
\chardef\Axi=`x
\chardef\Aomicron=`o
\chardef\Api=`p
\chardef\Aesade=`S
\chardef\Aqoph=`q
\chardef\Arho=`r
\chardef\Asigma=`s
\chardef\Atau=`t
\chardef\Aupsilon=`y
\chardef\Achi=`X
\chardef\Aphi=`f
\chardef\Apsi=`P
\chardef\Avau=`v
\chardef\ARalpha=`a
\chardef\ARbeta=`B
\chardef\ARgamma=`G
\chardef\ARdelta=`D
\chardef\ARepsilon=`E
\chardef\ARdigamma=`U
\chardef\ARzeta=`z
\chardef\AReta=`H
\chardef\ARtheta=`T
\chardef\ARiota=`i
\chardef\ARkappa=`K
\chardef\ARlambda=`L
\chardef\ARmu=`M
\chardef\ARnu=`N
%%%%\chardef\ARxi=`x
\chardef\ARxi=`C
\chardef\ARomicron=`o
\chardef\ARpi=`Q
\chardef\AResade=`S
\chardef\ARqoph=`q
\chardef\ARrho=`R
\chardef\ARsigma=`Z
\chardef\ARtau=`J
\chardef\ARupsilon=`y
\chardef\ARchi=`X
\chardef\ARphi=`f
\chardef\ARpsi=`P
\chardef\ARvau=`v
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\translitetr}
% \begin{macro}{\translitetrfont}
% |\translitetr{|\meta{commands}|}| transliterates \meta{commands} using
% the |\translitetrfont| font.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand{\translitetr}[1]{{%
\@translitETR #1}}
\newcommand{\translitetrfont}{\mathrm}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\@translitETR}
% This macro redefines all character commands to produce the transliterated
% version instead of the glyphs. There must be no spaces in the definition.
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand{\@translitETR}{%
\def\Aalpha{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{A}}}\def\ARalpha{\Aalpha}%
\def\Abeta{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{B}}}\def\ARbeta{\Abeta}%
\def\Agamma{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{G}}}\def\ARgamma{\Agamma}%
\def\Adelta{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{D}}}\def\ARdelta{\Adelta}%
\def\Aepsilon{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{E}}}\def\ARepsilon{\Aepsilon}%
\def\Aupsilon{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{Y}}}\def\ARupsilon{\Aupsilon}%
\def\Adigamma{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{F}}}\def\ARdigamma{\Adigamma}%
\def\Azeta{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{Z}}}\def\ARzeta{\Azeta}%
\def\Aeta{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{H}}}\def\AReta{\Aeta}%
\def\Atheta{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{\Theta}}}\def\ARtheta{\Atheta}%
\def\Aiota{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{I}}}\def\ARiota{\Aiota}%
\def\Akappa{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{K}}}\def\ARkappa{\Akappa}%
\def\Alambda{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{L}}}\def\ARlambda{\Alambda}%
\def\Amu{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{M}}}\def\ARmu{\Amu}%
\def\Anu{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{N}}}\def\ARnu{\Anu}%
\def\Axi{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{\Xi}}}\def\ARxi{\Axi}%
\def\Aomicron{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{O}}}\def\ARomicron{\Aomicron}%
\def\Api{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{P}}}\def\ARpi{\Api}%
\def\Aesade{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{S}}}\def\AResade{\Aesade}%
\def\Aqoph{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{Q}}}\def\ARqoph{\Aqoph}%
\def\Arho{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{R}}}\def\ARrho{\Arho}%
\def\Asigma{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{S}}}\def\ARsigma{\Asigma}%
\def\Atau{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{T}}}\def\ARtau{\Atau}%
\def\Achi{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{X}}}\def\ARchi{\Achi}%
\def\Aphi{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{\Phi}}}\def\ARphi{\Aphi}%
\def\Apsi{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{\Psi}}}\def\ARpsi{\Apsi}%
\def\Avau{\ensuremath{\translitetrfont{F}}}\def\ARvau{\Avau}%
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
%
% The end of this package.
% \begin{macrocode}
%</usc>
% \end{macrocode}
%
%
%
%
% \Finale
%
\endinput
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}